AMC HETNET Macro and Femto Cell used 10 GHz for Drone Communication with SKE Method around Building Environment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58991/mgmgn767Keywords:
AMC, SKE, gNB, diffraction, droneAbstract
Communication propagation between a drone and a HetNet (Heterogeneous Network) gNB (generalized Node B) in uplink conditions. The drone moves on a straight path between built-up environments. The communication frequency of 10 GHz can affect oksigen and water vapor at that frequency. Propagation of communication systems in a building environment can cause diffraction. The diffraction mechanism was modeled with Single Knife Edge (SKE) method. AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) dynamically modifies the coding rate and modulation scheme according to signal quality. MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) consisting of QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM was used in AMC. Research analysis includes SNR values on the drone path, coverage percentage, and MCS percentage. As a result of research for MCS 64QAM coderate 4/5 with Selection Combining (SC) between HetNet gNB macrocell and gNB femtocell, 64 nodes or 95.52% were obtained. The communication coverage was obtained using MCS for drone communication on this route.
References
[1] X. Huang, S. Tang, Q. Zheng, D. Zhang, and Q. Chen, “Dynamic Femtocell gNB On/Off Strategies and Seamless Dual Connectivity in 5G Heterogeneous Cellular Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 21359–21368, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2796126.
[2] A. Hatipoglu, M. A. Yazici, M. Basaran, M. Ardanuc, and L. Durak-Ata, “Handover management in beyond 5G HetNet topologies with unbalanced user distribution,” Digital Communications and Networks, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 465–472, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2024.05.005.
[3] M. A. Marsan, M. Meo, and M. Sereno, “Modeling Simple HetNet Configurations with Mixed Traffic Loads,” in 2021 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), 2021, pp. 119–128. doi: 10.1109/WoWMoM51794.2021.00025.
[4] C. Chen, J. Zhang, X. Chu, and J. Zhang, “On the Deployment of Small Cells in 3D HetNets With Multi-Antenna Base Stations,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 9761–9774, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2022.3179283.
[5] Z. Zhu, T. Nishimura, E. Takimoto, and J. Zheng, “Performance Evaluation of Heterogeneous Cellular Networks Using Stochastic Petri Nets,” in 2021 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), 2021, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.23919/SoftCOM52868.2021.9559100.
[6] S. Nishimura, S. Suyama, T. Asai, and H. Otsuka, “Throughput Performance of HetNets using Sectorized Picocells with 3D Beamforming at 28 GHz Band in Multipath Fading Channels,” in 2021 IEEE VTS 17th Asia Pacific Wireless Communications Symposium (APWCS), 2021, pp. 1–5. doi: 10.1109/APWCS50173.2021.9548769.
[7] F. A. Niasar, M. J. Aghdam, M. Nabipour, and A. Momen, “Mobility management in HetNets consider on QOS and improve Throughput,” in 2021 IEEE 11th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), 2021, pp. 1354–1359. doi: 10.1109/CCWC51732.2021.9375832.
[8] M. K. Hasan et al., “Constriction Factor Particle Swarm Optimization based load balancing and cell association for 5G heterogeneous networks,” Comput. Commun., vol. 180, pp. 328–337, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.10.021.
[9] M. Cheng, J.-B. Wang, Y. Wu, X.-G. Xia, K.-K. Wong, and M. Lin, “Coverage Analysis for Millimeter Wave Cellular Networks With Imperfect Beam Alignment,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 8302–8314, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2018.2842213.
[10] B. D. Deebak, “Cooperative Mobile Traffic Offloading in Mobile Edge Computing for 5G HetNet IoT Applications,” in Real-Time Intelligence for Heterogeneous Networks: Applications, Challenges, and Scenarios in IoT HetNets, F. Al-Turjman, Ed., Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021, pp. 43–58. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-75614-7_3.
[11] P. Li and L. Liu, “Distributed Beamforming for Interference Management in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks,” in Information Processing and Network Provisioning, M. Kadoch, M. Cheriet, and X. Qiu, Eds., Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025, pp. 341–351.
[12] Z. Zhu, E. Takimoto, P. Finnerty, and C. Ohta, “A CQI and Hysteretic-Based Decision Algorithm to Prevent Handover Failures for Pedestrian Mobility in Mobile Communication HetNet,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 92348–92367, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3422529.
[13] M. A. Ouamri, M. Azni, and M.-E. Oteşteanu, “Coverage Analysis in Two-tier 5G Hetnet Based on Stochastic Geometry with Interference Coordination Strategy,” Wirel. Pers. Commun., vol. 121, no. 4, pp. 3213–3222, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s11277-021-08870-w.
[14] O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport, “Map-Assisted Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Position Location and Sensing,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 5323–5336, 2025, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2025.3546746.
[15] S. Ju and T. S. Rappaport, “Statistical Channel Model of Wideband Sub-THz Radio Propagation in Indoor Factories at 142 GHz: Toward 6G Industrial Wireless Networks,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 16316–16331, 2024, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2024.3439770.
[16] A. C. Eska, “The Communication System of Building from Outdoor to Indoor with AMC at 10 GHz,” INFOTEL, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 13–17, Apr. 2020.
[17] A. Eska, “Doppler Shift Effect at The Communication Systems with 10 GHz around Building,” INFOTEL, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 129–133, Nov. 2020.
[18] A. C. Eska, “Cellular Communication Propagation at Drone around Building Environment with Single Knife Edge at 10 GHz,” INFOTEL, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 25–30, Feb. 2021.
[19] A. Eska, “Receiver diversity with selection combining for drone communication around buildings at frequency 10 GHz,” INFOTEL, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 141–145, May 2022.
[20] A. Samorzewski and A. Kliks, “5G Networks Supported by UAVs, RESs, and RISs,” in 2023 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM), 2023, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.23919/SoftCOM58365.2023.10271683.
[21] Z. Xiao et al., “A Survey on Millimeter-Wave Beamforming Enabled UAV Communications and Networking,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 557–610, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2021.3124512.
[22] J. S. Seybold, Introduction to RF Propagation. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[23] ITU, “ITU-R Radio Communication Sector of ITU (Attenuation by atmospheric gases) ITU-R P.676-10,” Electronic Publication , 2013.
[24] O. Werther, LTE System Specifications and their Impact on RF & Base Band Circuits. Rohde & Schwarz, 2013.
[25] 3GPP, “5G; Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz (3GPP TR 38.901 version 19.1.0 Release 19),” ETSI , 2025.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Electrical, Electronic, Mechanical, Informatic and Social Applied Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
